The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle

The essentialness of every workday time-range According to Marx, there are a few degrees of centrality connected to the length of each working day. Truth be told, the force and amount of work ought to regularly be bought and therefore exchanged at a value that coordinates its value or worth. The last worth got from an item gathers from work power. The worth outcomes from the time taken to make a product.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the facts demonstrate that the amount of work power that is required to offer resource is not really identical to the span of each working day. The time taken to finish task and make esteem is more than the necessary workforce time. This is the thing that converts into surplus work as Marx claims. In this way, the length of every workday should be considered as a variable amount that modifies as per the amount of abundanc e work power. The period utilized in each workday can anyway simply vary inside distinct limits. From the entrepreneur system’s nature, there will consistently be sure degrees of surplus work. While this overflow work may move toward zero cutoff points, it can't be a flat out zero in as much as genuine cutoff points don't exist. The employees’ most extreme working days are compelled or restricted by both the ethical imperatives just as the physical impediments, including the necessitation to achieve different obligations. Accordingly, regarding the length of working days, business people seem to determine some shared advantages when they urge the work power to drudge an additional mile to create extra item esteem. This infers, all business people will ordinarily appear as capital typified. The quintessence of entrepreneurs will simply take after the capital soul, and it won't accept some other characteristic. Notwithstanding monitoring the requirements of each work pow er, industrialist are less worried about the advantages determined by workforce when they broaden the range of time worked each day. Capital has an unmistakable characteristic. Its drive is to constrain the creation intends to ingest abundance amounts of work power to deliver surplus qualities. Industrialists will subsequently endeavor to infer the most noteworthy potential returns or advantages from the work power use-values. The work powers have their own perceptions as respects to the time span they should complete their errands. For example, the force or vitality utilized by laborers is not normal for that which accumulates from different administrations or items. Undoubtedly, the force created from work can be utilized to make an incentive in items and administrations. From the point of view of work power, the requests made by industrialists uncover the exorbitant utilization of laborers power. For example, business people may conceivably misuse heaps of workforce vitality in a solitary day. In any case, a similar work power may take around four to five days so as to reestablish the expended energy.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The business people use work force and ruin a similar work. To be completely forthright, if business people were laborers, they probably won't have the option to utilize five days worth of their workforce vitality in a solitary day, and simply pay themselves just a solitary day’s worth. Consequently, similarly as business people request item esteems, the work power ought to be repaid dependent on the produced products esteem. This requires the length of each working day ought to be a factor to be viewed as while paying the work power. Why Harvey sees the workday time-length strain as class battle In crafted by Marx, the focal subject identifies with class pressure whereby class struggle characterizes t he history. The here and now isn't a special case of this. Truth be told, in the contemporary time, class clashes are portrayed by the pressure present in the midst of representatives and business people. Class battle develops in light of the asymmetry in the midst of the trade estimations of workforce power and the inferred client esteems. The most grounded class in the battle is that of the entrepreneurs. That is, the time length for every workday is a factor that ought to be viewed as while paying laborers. By and by, the entrepreneurs utilize their class to characterize and apply additional power while actualizing what they think the work power ought to be paid. While industrialists are the most grounded class, they are not simply provided prevalent bartering order against the laborers. Most cultural associations including property local laws were characterized to help and ensure the wants of business people. The creation mode is made to look as though it has a place with the ca pitalists’ financial framework. These methods of creation constantly bolster business people to a degree that they devastate the substance of the workforce. Regardless of the excess worth created by work power subsequent to working for longer hours, it is hard to track down that the entrepreneurs are carrying on in an unexpected way. The sum given to workforce as a portrayal of their endeavors continues as before, subsequently causing pressures among these two gatherings. Increasing overflow esteems and improving items worth are the wants and pith of the business people. All industrialists understand these objectives by means of misusing the workforce through neglecting to offer them the suggested installments for the total worth bundle on what has been created. Subsequently, there is a basic battle including business people and work power given that entrepreneurs are constrained to adventure to endure. Any framework that has a place with the business people requires the misu se of the workforce. There are measures taken to lessen the difficulties looked by employees.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incorporate government assistance and least compensation bundles. By and by, these measures are simply expected as monetary guide. As a general rule, the money related guides are not intended to cover the time taken to produce surplus worth. It is difficult to change what industrialists think or accept, as is it the case with the work power. This paper on The Length of the Working Day and Class Struggle was composed and put together by client Travis Golden to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Psychological oppression - Essay Example Starting with the Baader-Meinhof of Germany pack, which was additionally called the Red Army group (RAF) up to this point. It was a fear monger pack that existed in Germany from around 1968 and 1977 with loads of Germans individuals as individuals. A posse that caused dread and scared individuals including killed. The RAF was said to have broke out from the Revolutionary Army and kept on considering itself the Red Army Faction (RAF), the name which the vast majority considered it to be a model of Japan’s ‘Red Army’, while numerous others alludes it to Soviet Union’s Red Army. The key figures that drove the fear based oppression exercises of RAF were captured and imprisoned in 1972. Be that as it may, their exercises proceeded following not many years when another pack or its sort revive its existent, and subsequently promised to psychological warfare until in the year 1998, when they had at long last ‘hit-the-rock’, which finished to scares and killed of German individuals after in any event 30 years of dread. In the mean time, the factor of Baader-Meinhof demonstrations of fear based oppression in Germany that prompted ransacking of banks, hijacking and killed in alcoves and corners of the nation was their most noteworthy energy for world Revolution which accordingly denoted a defining moment in German’s after war time. In spite of the fact that Baader-Meinhof thought processes was upset that included the help of certain Germans understudies, yet the greater part of the individuals were not supporting how the insurgency was attempted. Therefore, these sorts of individuals has upheld German government when it’s authorized law and endorsed it for battling fear based oppression. (B) The Tigers of Tamil Eelam, (LTTE) or the Tamil Tigers as it is famously known over the globe is another patriot fear based oppressor bunch that energized to battle for a free state in Sri Lanka, in zones involved by Tamils ethnic. All together for Tamil Tigers to accomplish this thought process, they adjusted to apply fear based oppression against those affirmed to

Blog Archive MBA News CBS Receives $40M Gift for New Campus

Blog Archive MBA News CBS Receives $40M Gift for New Campus This week, two Columbia Business School (CBS) alumni donated a total of $40 million toward the completion of the school’s planned Manhattanville campus. Arthur J. Samberg (’67), who pledged $25M, and Mario J. Gabelli (’67), who pledged $15M, are both members of the school’s Board of Overseers and join the ranks of Ronald O. Perelman and Henry R. Kravis, who each made record $100M gifts, contributing to the new facility. So far, the school has raised $500M of its $600M fundraising target. Mario Gabelliâ€"who is the founder, chairman and CEO of Gabelli Asset Management Company Investorsâ€"was listed among Forbes magazine’s 400 wealthiest Americans in 2006. His former classmate Arthur Samberg is the chief investment officer for Pequot Capital Management, a $5 billion hedge fund.  â€œI am extraordinarily grateful to accept these generous pledges,” stated CBS Dean Glenn Hubbard, adding that the gifts will allow the Manhattanville campus to “feature classrooms of tomorrow an d other cutting-edge innovations.” Share ThisTweet Columbia University (Columbia Business School) News

Persuasive Essay Hunger Games - 772 Words

Silvia Aguirre Ms.Riles December 4, 2015 English IV 1st Persuasive essay Hunger games, the time my mom left to cuba,and the right to the street of Memphis emplies that it is beneficial to be sheltered Rather than self governor. If we were all self governor most of us probably wouldn t be alive. In The hunger games by Suzanne collins, thirteen districts attempted to start a Revolution against the Capitol. They failed and district 13 was destroyed. An annual t elevised death match called the hunger games was created by the Capitol as punishment. Kato Katniss everdeen, a 16 year old boy from one of the districts volunteer for the hunger games after They had picked her 12 year old sister for reaping. She had to leave her family and be independent. she had to fight to be safe and survive. When she won or survived the game she was safe because She was protect by alot of people. In 2014 my mother took an emergency trip to cuba. Me and my sister were young, we were excited my mom was leaving because it was just gonna be used two alone for 2 weeks. We had a big house and all we could think about was having a good time and the freedom to do what ever we wanted to do. Me and my sister decide to throw a small house party. We really didn t plan it right because we had thought about it two days before she left so we could do the party the same day she left to cuba. We Had invited a couple of people toShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesis not the case. There are many programs out there that target America’s obese citizens. However, the main focus seems to be towards the younger generation. Childhood obesity seems to be escalating throughout the past few years. This may Is this Essay helpful? Join OPPapers to read more and access more than 350,000 just like it! get better grades be due to the convenience of foods high in fat. Teens and adolescents rely on things they can afford. Fast-food restaurants and low-cost candy is affordableRead MoreThe Freedom Writers And Romeo And Juliet905 Words   |  4 PagesCentury Community Charter Middle School and Animo Inglewood High School. Every year in middle school and in High School english would be on my schedule, sometimes even with two different english classes a year. We read different writing pieces, wrote essays, and learned techniques that help us develop our reading and writing skills. In middle school the writing tasks were easier and funner than high school. We read books like the Diary of Anne Frank, The Freedom Writers, and Romeo and Juliet, that IRead MoreOutline Of A Thesis Statement3601 Words   |  15 PagesThesis / Claim Station: Your claim or thesis statement is the most important part of your argumentative essay. It is the sentence where you state your main argument and outline how you will prove it. 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What customer value is (3.5 marks) – page 7 in the textbook B. How marketing creates and deliver values (3o marks) * Start with market research the idea of giving data about consumer behavior * Why do we need marketing research * 3 main sources of information Read MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pages from McGraw Hill Education Centre in California, stating that: Violent behaviour is learned. Children and teens learn it from adults and see it on television and in movies. Messages in sports, in the lyrics in music, and even some games reinforce violence. The more violence people see, the more willing they are to act violently. [6] This section will also look at whether solutions like the one provided by Laura Finley regarding abstinence can feasibly have an impactRead MoreNcfe Teaching Assistant Essay7227 Words   |  29 Pagesschool by carrying out a variety of tasks in order to create and maintain a safe, positive learning environment thus allowing teachers more time to focus on teaching. It is therefore paramount to remain flexible at all times. The purpose of this essay is to summarise the major learning points from the Teaching Assistant Diploma Course. I will address the nine subject areas separately. Supporting the teacher - Teachers are incredibly busy and the teaching assistant is a valued asset to ensureRead MoreFun with Literature10373 Words   |  42 PagesOrman â€Å"Quitters Inc.† by Stephen King Name: __________________________________ Before reading 1. Have you (or someone close to you) had to give up something you really enjoyed? (Examples may be pop, candy, cell phone, video games, etc.) If yes, what difficulties did you face while trying to give it up? If no, what difficulties do you think you would have if you DID have to give up something you really enjoyed? _____________________________________________________________________________________

The Role of Negotiation in Conflict Resolution Essay examples

The role of negotiation in conflict resolution Introduction Conflict or disagreement over the range of issues has become inherent aspect of modern organisational life. People from different cultural and education background work in an organisation. People working in an organisation may possess different goal and interest. People working in organisation may tend to different over a range of issues including organisational politics, organisational procedure, personal preference or political preference. It is also argued that conflict is essential characteristics of organisational life. Role of manager is paramount with regard to negotiating the conflict that arises in organisational life (http://www.sagepub.com/). Often lack of†¦show more content†¦Five major styles of managing the conflict have been described below; a) Integrating; this style of conflict management is concerned with identification of joint problem, confrontation of attitude and proposing the possible solution for the conflict. This style of conflict management is more effective for solving complex issues. Additionally, this style of conflict management tends to be more effective in long run. However, this style of conflict management may not be effective in managing the conflicts that surface out of differing values of employees. b) Obliging; this style of conflict management focuses upon reducing the difference by addressing the common interest of employees. This style of conflict resolution can prove extremely beneficial for the organisation because it seeks to promote cooperation among the employees. However, this style of conflict management is neither effective in solving the real cause of problem nor suitable for escalating the problems. c) Dominating; this style of conflict management is more suitable for resolving the conflicts involving personal interest. Managers often obey dominating style in order to force employees to obey. Often management want to implement unpopular working solution. Sometimes management may be concerned of achieving desired outcome within a tight deadline. These scenarios may require adoption of dominating conflict management style. Interestingly, this style of conflict resolution does not requireShow MoreRelatedConflict Management And Resolution Can Be Approached Through1304 Words   |  6 PagesConflict management and resolution can be approached through numbers of ways that ramble from least to most threats. 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The main idea revolves around the idea that conflict occurs when one needs something from another and is not receiving that need. The resolution of conflicts grows out of that idea, and involves three basic steps. The first step circles around clearly expressing the need. The next step is figuring out if that need can be met, or if it cannot. Step three is negotiation to see if the need can be met a different way, or management of conflict. If theRead MoreDispute Resolution : A Conflict Diagnosis Approach1690 Words   |  7 PagesDispute Resolutions Many people go to litigation for resolving disputes without knowing the alternatives that may possibly be more beneficial to them. The textbook, â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Conflict Diagnosis Approach† is a great book that defines and explains the different types of dispute resolutions that can be used to settle a conflict. Some of the dispute resolutions discussed in the book are suitable for specific disputes. And the different type of dispute resolutions has differentRead MoreInternal And Dispute Resolution Procedures1157 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities to successfully develop business decisions. Different of interest, misunderstandings, etc. are usually common issues when dealing within international negotiations. In Lucid-Black Box case, is evident that exist several conflicts that could be addressed by using SCR practices such as finding sources of conflict and dispute resolution procedures. Proper solutions of how to deal with the current situation will be also provided giving some insights of how develop trust-based relationships. SummaryRead MoreDiscussion11485 Words   |  6 PagesDynamics of Conflict Resolution. Focus on emotional resolution. Review Chapter 8 in your course text, The Dynamics of Conflict Resolution, and pay particular attention to the approaches of negotiation (distributive, integrative, interest-based, and positional). 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Significant Efforts in Turkmenistan - 1863 Words

Significant efforts to develop a journalistic identity and media freedom have stumbled badly in Central Asia, primarily Turkmenistan. The state controlled media system that is currently in place has prevented any citizen voice in Turkmen media. Since 1992, journalism and free media in Turkmenistan have been on a downward spiral. Unfortunately, prospects for developing a believable, fact-based journalism look grim for this region. Thus, the citizens of Turkmenistan are forced to be unaware of the world around them and to accept that all information is altered by the state. Journalism and media in the Central Asian region such as Turkmenistan are in worse shape than the rest of the Western world. To research this idea, secondary research sources are used to develop a more concrete idea about the state of media in Turkmenistan. One of the most confounding elements of the research found is that journalism in Turkmenistan is a hopeless occupation. Many of the citizens are forced to fear the occupation, and thus, be forced to pursue another avenue. Consequently, those who endeavor to aid the state of media and journalism in Turkmenistan should expect minimal result. Many attempts to relinquish media freedom have led to empty promises and low expectations. Based on the history of the region, the future of journalism and media seems negative. Unfortunately, with over two terms of dictators promoting the state-run media, the citizens of Turkmenistan are stuck in a downwardShow MoreRelatedEssay about Turkmenistan: A Nation of Contradictions1451 Words   |  6 PagesTurkmenistan: A Nation of Contradictions In October 2001, the Central Asian country Turkmenistan celebrated its tenth year of independence. Formerly the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (T.S.S.R), Turkmenistan gained its sovereignty with the collapse of its communist counterpart, the Soviet Union in 1991. However, there is much to be questioned about the status of the â€Å"democratic† republic which operates Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan functions as a government who has elected a lifelongRead MoreMessi Is the Best Player776 Words   |  4 Pagesbillion Muslims worldwide, fewer than one fifth of whom are Arab. Islam is the principal religion of much of Asia, including Indonesia (which has the world s largest Muslim population), Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula states, and Turkey. India also has one of the world s largest Muslim populations, although Islam is not the principal r eligion there. In Africa,Read MorePreventing the Desertification of the Aral Sea Region Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the once abundant Aral Sea, which once was one of the premier ecosystems featured prominently throughout Central Asia. The Aral Sea, which is situated in Central Asia between several countries, which include Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. According to Phillip-Whish-Wilson, the Aral Sea was once the â€Å"forth largest inland body of water on earth with a surface area of 66,000 kilometers squared.† (Whish-Wilson 2002, 29). Additionally, it supported â€Å"75 percent of Central Asia’s populationRead MoreEssay on Oil Export for a Unified Caspian Oil Conglomerate2961 Words   |  12 Pages 11 300 Turkmenistan 0.6 80 80.6 125 159 200 Total 10 233 243 1130 1292.2 3700 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Caspian Sea region is bounded by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. Russian and Kazakhstan occupy the northern half of the sea coastline and Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran take upRead More The Post-Soviet Reemergence of the Russian Empire1854 Words   |  8 Pagesits states seceded and founded new nations and Russia lost significant power over the region. The new Russian Federation, in an effort to reestablish Soviet supremacy, has launched a neo-imperialistic campaign to once again have political, economic and security control over the area today known as the Caucasus. Principally, Russia wants to have political control over the area consisting of the lands of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia and Chechnya as well as the Caspian Sea. FurthermoreRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Exploitation Of Women And Children1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards. There is also a Tier 2 Watch List, and this is Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards. They also have the absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combatRead MorePoint Paper Caucasus Region1048 Words   |  5 Pagestransport to western markets. Azerbaijan uses this energy development to build strategic partnerships and ensure international attention for its independence. Since 2017 various U.S. Army reserve engineer units participated in stability related building efforts to upgrade the Azerbaijani infrastructure. a. In the south region in 2015 the SAPP (South Azeris People Party) formed to represent the people of this region. It was unable to affect change and the group, however it gave birth in 2016 to the SouthRead MoreC210 Point Paper Cacausus Region1195 Words   |  5 Pagesis continuing efforts to sustain and increase its economic growth by protecting proven oil reserves from deep water Caspian Basin oilfields and securing its transport to western markets. Azerbaijan uses this energy development to build strategic partnerships and attract international attention in favor of its independence. Since 2017 the U.S. has provided support to Azerbaijan through various U.S. Army Reserve engineer units participation in stability related construction efforts directed at upgradingRead MoreDrilling For Oil : Good For The Economy1203 Words   |  5 Pagesthat drilling has on the environment, and explore possible solutions to this argument. I will argue that with careful and strict regulation, dri lling needs to take place in ANWR as a short term solution to the significant renewable energy problems that America is facing. Significant effort will be required to develop more efficient drilling methods and alternative fuel sources. Those who argue for drilling in ANWR suggest that drilling in ANWR will decrease our dependency on foreign oil. Oil productionRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Eastern Europe And Central Asia1200 Words   |  5 Pages substance use remains an important driver of new infectoins. . Implementation of known interventions to reduce transmission in IDUs has been impeded by challenges in scaling up opioid substitution therapy (OST) as well as other harm reduction efforts such as needle exchange. The use of OST is illegal in Russia and access to these services is limited io other countries. Antiretroviral therapy in the region became widely (but not universally) available after 2002. However, as noted below, access

Losing Innocence Fallen Angels find the true meaning of war Essay Example For Students

Losing Innocence: Fallen Angels find the true meaning of war Essay Fallen Angels, written by Walter Dean Myers, is a novel that tells about the story of young boys going into battle during the Vietnam War. There are many themes in Fallen Angels but the main theme is the loss of innocence. The title makes reference to these themes. And the boys in the book have dreams of losing their virginity and drinking alcohol for the first time. They are thrown into a harsh reality when they are shown the trials of war. In the end, they understand that the movies that depict heroicness and honor are just images of a false idea; that war is full of chaos and horror. The title of Fallen Angels is the greatest indicator of the theme. All of the young soldiers are angels in the sense that they are na ve and innocent. This is explained in chapter four when Myers calls these young boys angel warriors. They have not seen the terrible things that happen in war and therefore feel invincible to the danger they are to encounter. The fallen in the title indicates the loss of innocence that makes them angels. Though losing innocence is something that every young person goes through, these boys must grow up fast during war. Richie, the narrator and protagonist, and the members of his squad fantasize of their first sexual experiences. Peewee, a member of Richies squad, even sets goals for himself. He says he will drink wine from a corked bottle, smoke a cigar, and make love to a foreign woman. These are all immature ideas the boys have but they are soon taught that the real things that must focus on are not alcohol and sex, but the virtues and values they will learn as a soldier. During their battles the squad sees that survival is not something that is taught but a matter of pure chance. They see their allies shooting allies. Their close friends in the war are killed and they must face the reality that getting out alive is luck. The goal of killing the enemy turns into just trying to stay alive yourself. And when their time is done they are faced with mourning for those who fell and bitter sweet relief that it is over. The theme, loss of innocence, in Fallen Angels is shown all throughout the novel along with many other important themes. The title, experiences of the characters, and lessons learned in the book are all things that contribute to this. The young boys of the squad are all immersed in a terrible environment in which their images of a glorious war are torn apart. They come out grown men who had to learn the trials of life the hard way.

Should College Students Have Credit Cards Essay on Debts

How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Example

How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Example How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay How does CSR affect competitive advantage Essay Introduction For many decades, corporate social responsibility (CARS) has been viewed as a waste of resources money, labor, time, etc. which conflicts with the firms responsibility to make profits in order to compensate its shareholders (Friedman, 1970; Henderson, 2001 ; Jensen, 2002; Levity, 1 958; Summary Ninepin, 2004). On the contrary, especially during the last years, many supporters of CARS came up with the argument that CARS provides a company with a series of specific benefits that very often will outweigh the expenditures. Some are even of the opinion that CARS is necessary for equines, both from an economic and a social point of view (Brown Fraser, 2006; Trucker, 1984; Kettle Lee, 2005; Meltzer, 1983; Porter Kramer, 2006). Screech (201 1 ) concludes by writing that the following two related conflicts could be solved by proving that CARS and profit-maximizing interests can go hand in hand: On the one hand, the argument that CARS is Just a waste of resources would be invalidated and on the other hand, CARS expenses could be Justified to the shareholders as compatible with the firms obligations and, thus, legitimate and economically beneficial. Although great amount of literature is being published about the connection of CARS and the financial performance of firms, it still lacks empirical support and is therefore vulnerable to the criticism that this relation is not a grounded fact, but rather wishful thinking by Its proponents (Rollover, Schmidt Runes, 2003; Screech, 2011). Therefore, this article aims at throwing light on the link between CARS and firm performance by assessing how CARS might influence a firms competitive advantage. Specifically, as many companies realize how important it is to attract highly skilled employees as a main component of their competitive advantage (Prefer, 1994; Tech, 1998; Turban Greening, 1997), the focus will be on the link between CARS and human resources. This article will start with a review of previous studies and research in this area, followed by an in depth analysis of relevant and underlying theories that describe how CARS affects competitive advantage via a firms human resources. Ultimately, this article will give Implications for Important future research and the mall findings will be concluded. Previous Research and Studies Although CARS has emerged as an Inescapable priority for business leaders in every entry (Porter Kramer. 2006), there Is no general agreement about whether CARS does contribute to the financial performance of firms or not. A lot of research has been conducted in order to prove the positive relationship between corporate financial performance (COP) and corporate social performance (SSP). Wood (1991 : 693) defines SSP as a business organizations configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsiveness, and policies, programs, and observable outcomes as they relate to the firms societal relationships. However, the exults of these studies have been inconclusive at best (Donaldson, 1999; Jones Wicks, 1999; McMillan Siegel, 2001; Roman, Hybrid Eagle, 1999). Other studies tried to find conceptual explanations for the lack or the existence of a relationship between SSP and COP, but could not provide answers (McMillan Siegel, 2001 ; society and business need each other now more than ever before. Companies depend on a healthy society, including health care, education, and equal opportunity, but also good government and property rights. These requirements are essential for productive workforce and will furthermore create an expanding demand for business. Simultaneously, this healthy society is also in the need of successful firms. Apart from creating Jobs and wealth, they are the main innovators that improve the standards and quality of living (Porter Kramer, 2006). Hence, it should be in the interest of every firm to conduct CARS, regardless of the possible relationship between SSP and COP. Firms behaving in a socially responsible manner benefit through the subsequent reputation, another topic with a huge body of literature. The reputation f a firm that is built on its social consciousness will not Just temper criticism by the public in case of a crisis (Porter Kramer, 2006), but will also help building a positive relationship to stakeholders, such as investors, suppliers, bankers, and customers (Bombers Channel, 1990). Again, from a financial perspective, reputation plays an extremely important role. Not only will it facilitate access to capital through the emanating positive relationship to investors, but with respect to SSP, reputation also has a higher correlation with COP than any other variable even corporate environmental performance (Brown Perry, 1994; Rollicks et al. , 2003). The return from reputation is, thus, the key to reaping benefits from SSP (Roberts Dowling, 2002). One way of reaping benefits from corporate reputation is by attracting a high quality workforce (Greening Turban, 2000; Turban Greening, 1997). However, the attraction of good employees is not the only channel through which good reputation through CARS affects a firms human resources, possibly leading to a competitive advantage. Research suggests that it also increases the goodwill of current employees towards their employer, which in turn can improve the companys financial outcomes (Davis, 1973; McGuire, Sundered Schneider, 1988; Haddock Graves, 1997). Furthermore, firms can turn instruments such as sponsoring of sports or cultural events into a competitive advantage by improving the morale of their employees and boosting productivity (Porter Kramer, 2002). Supplementary, it has been proved that scandals in regards to CARS will negatively influence employee morale and, thus, the firms performance (Screech, 2011). During the last decades, undress and thousands of articles about CARS have been published, many of them with a strong focus on financial aspects such as the relationship of SSP and COP. Surprisingly few dealt with the influence of CARS on human resources. Greening Turban (2000: 276) analyzed and confirmed that Job applicants will attempt to interview with firms, and will have a higher probability of accepting a Job offer from firms with positive SSP reputation. However, their study is based on a survey of only 39 students and did not focus on what exactly attracts employees and how these causes can be used to create a competitive advantage. Furthermore, a lot has changed during the last years, not only the importance of but also the ways companies pursue CARS. Therefore, these will be the main aspects in the remainder of this article. Theory and Implications for Future Research This section will introduce the most important theories that are relevant for an analysis of the relationship between CARS and competitive advantage. As this article section will start with an explanation of the importance of a quality workforce. Afterwards, theories will be presented which focus on how CARS can influence prospective (via firms attractiveness) or current employees. Quality Employees as a Source of Competitive Advantage There is a reason why statements like our employees are our strength can be found on the homepages and on promoting materials of many companies nowadays. The attraction of superior human resources and retaining them in the firm can provide firms with a sustained competitive advantage (Load Wilson, 1994; Prefer, 1994; Wright, Ferris, Hillier Karol, 1995). Additionally, especially in fields with labor shortage, such as IT or engineering, the attraction of quality applicants is becoming more and more important for the success of companies Jackson Schuler, 1990; Freeman Gowning, 1990). Those organizations that are able to attract the greater applicant pool of top-quality applicants can better utilize their selection system which results in a potential competitive advantage (Load Wilson, 1994; Turban Greening, 1997). As research suggests that employee attraction to a large extent is based on perceptions of the corporate image, which in turn is influenced by the firms SSP (Bombers Channel, 1990), the explanation is given of why many firms promote e. G. Their environmental or philanthropic programs in brochures for prospective applicants (Poe Courier, 1995). They want to demonstrate how socially responsible they act. That this can be successful is confirmed by the finding of Bauer and Amman- Smith (1996) that firms with a stance towards the natural environment are seen as more attractive firms than those without such a stance. The reason why companies should focus more on their employees is that researchers agree that a quality workforce has become more important than other sources of competitive advantage (Greening Turban, 2000). Previously, the success of firms was often attributed to their access to financial markets, product and process technology, patents, the placement of learning curves and economies of scale, etc. However, scholars have noted that the importance of those sources of success has decreased over time, while the selection and management of high quality employees has become a critical factor to success (Prefer, 1994; Snell, Wounds Wright, 1996). Knowledge-Based Theory Similarly, another body of literature suggests that a firms ability to create, manage and transfer knowledge is the key to its success (Feline Westerly, 2007; Grant, 1996), which also points out the importance of a quality workforce as one key to a nominative advantage. Authors suggest that intelligence, motivation, vision, experience, creativity, analytical abilities and commitment are some of the characteristics of quality employees (Tech, 1998). A firms success in the future depends largely on how well it can capture value from those knowledge assets (Tech, 1998). Hence, in order to succeed, a firm must take advantage of its workforce and be able to manage its knowledge. Although high quality employees can be viewed as a necessary condition for success in a modern knowledge economy, it is not a sufficient one (Greening Turban, 2000). The firm has to be able to develop the knowledge and talent into skills and competencies which are valuable, rare, inimitable by competitors, and unsustainable in order to develop a competitive The role of human resources in developing a firms competitive advantage is consistent with the resource-based theory of the firm. This theory suggests that every organization is simply a collection of unique capabilities and resources providing the foundation for the strategy of the organization and being the primary source of its competitive advantage and profitability (Barney, 1991/ 2011; Grant, 1991; Meyer, 1991). It assumes that firms acquire and develop these unique resources and capabilities over time and emphasizes that resources may not be mobile across companies, or easily imitable by other companies (Grant, 1991). As mentioned above, apart from physical resources, also human resources, such as talented managers or high quality employees, are highly important resources for firms (Barney, 1991; Meyer, 1991) and in a global economy, the skills of an organizations workforce are increasingly critical to the development of sustained competitive advantages (Throw, 1992). Additionally, SSP can be viewed as an organizational resource. Investments in SSP may assist firms in developing new capabilities, resources and competencies that are manifested in a firms structure, culture, technology and human resources (Barney, 1991; Russo Bouts, 1997; Heartfelt, 1984). For instance, SSP can help management to develop better processes, scanning skills, or information systems which will better prepare an organization for turbulences, external changes, or crises (Russo Bouts, 1997). The channels through which a companies SSP can affect these resources, especially the human resources, will be subject of discussion later in this article. Signaling Theory Another theory that may be relevant for understanding how a firms SSP may influence human resources, especially the attraction of quality employees, is the signaling theory. There exists a classical information asymmetry between the applicants and the employer. The applicant does not really know how working conditions, corporate culture, etc. Look like in the companies he or she is applying for. Signaling theory suggests that, due to the incomplete information about the company, applicants interpret all the information they receive as signals about e. G. The working conditions in the organization (Greening Turban, 2000). Organizational attributes, for example, provide prospective employees with information about how it would be like to be part of this organization. For instance, a firms formal social programs or policies towards stakeholders or developing political and social issues may attract applicants by serving as signals of the firms goals and commitment. Likewise, the policy to provide day care facilities or to manage diversity has an influence on organizational attractiveness as an employer, because it signals willingness to attract women and minorities and to treat them in a fair manner Greening Turban, 2000; Williams Bauer, 1994). Potential employees might interpret a companys SSP as a signal about its organizational values and norms. These values and norms affect the applicants perceptions of the working conditions and therefore also the companys attractiveness as an employer. Additionally, according to the person-organization fit theory (Kristin, 1996), it is expected that the prospective Job applicants specific values will influence the extent to which a firms SSP influences that attraction (Greening Turban, 2000: 259). Social Identity Theory influences human resources as well. This theory emphasizes that people classify themselves into specific social categories on the basis of different factors, as for example the organization they work for, and that the fact of being a member in those social categories influences peoples individual self-concept (Dutton, Dickered Hairball, 1994; Turban Greening, 1997). Hence, the self-image of employees is influenced by the reputation and the image of the employer. As mentioned earlier, a firms reputation is affected to a large extent by its corporate social performance. Consequently, social identity theory suggests that employees working for a firm with strong SSP will experience positive outcomes, such as an enhanced self-concept, just by being employed in this socially responsible firm (Greening Turban, 2000). Furthermore, as potential employees might expect to experience this enhanced self- concept, the attractiveness of firms that put a strong focus on acting socially responsible is positively affected as well. Definition of Research Gaps After having presented theories that suggest that the right employees can lead to a sustained competitive advantage and that there is relationship between CARS activities of an organization and its human resources, this article will now focus on issues where more research is needed in order to fully understand these relationships. Generally, there exists an almost inexhaustible amount of literature that analyzes the relationship of a firms SSP and its COP. A far smaller body of literature focuses on the link between SSP and human resources. Most of these articles build up theories and make suggestions, but not that much empirical research has been conducted yet to actually prove these theories or to contradict them. Research suggests that potential applicants are very aware of a companys SSP and that companies with a good CARS rating have a competitive advantage, because hey attract a larger amount of applicants and applicants that are of high quality. However, these studies by Greening and Turban (2000) and Turban and Greening (1997) are based on a survey of 39 students or even Just 34, respectively. Also, it can be assumed that those students were aware of the purpose of the study and, thus, were biased in regards to their answers. A study on a large scale needs to be conducted in order to get valuable results. Additionally, it needs to be conducted in different geographical regions of the world, as CARS plays completely different roles in the various societies. While it, for instance, is of great importance in most Western European or the Nordic countries, this is not necessarily the case in many South American or Asian countries. Furthermore, the ways how organizations pursue CARS has changed or at least become broader during the last years. Partnerships of business firms with non-governmental organizations (Nags) had been unthinkable a few decades ago, but have become an important issue nowadays. Many firms grant their employees a certain amount of days off, so that they can engage in Nags they support. Microsoft, for example, allows its employees to take three days off for this repose every year (Thomson, 2012). How do those CARS activities affect the attractiveness of firms? Which CARS activities affect a firms attractiveness the most? Since scholars argue that a quality workforce is becoming an increasingly important source for competitive advantage, these questions need to be addressed by future research. However, CARS does not Just affect a firms human resources via the employers SSP as well. In the framework of Mitchell, Eagle and Wood (1997), employees are seen as a crucial component to success and as a scarce resource. Therefore, they have power, legitimacy and some urgency, and are thus salient takeovers of the firm. It is a logical consequence that they are affected as well, when a firm aims at multiple stakeholders by pursuing CARS. According to Screech (201 1), the idea is that employees will be much more satisfied, if they feel that the beneficiaries of SSP are they, rather than some other external recipients of charitable contributions. Employee satisfaction, in turn, will help retain the employees and reduce turnover (Labeling Freeman, 2000), or positively influence the organizations operational efficiency (Branch Rodriguez, 2006), which can be the source of a competitive advantage. Future research might analyze how and which SSP strategies affect employee satisfaction or investigate if there are moderators that influence this relationship. Conclusion This article suggests that CARS and a firms human resources are interlinked with each other in many different ways. The analysis indicates that a quality workforce is becoming a crucial factor for gaining a competitive advantage and that quality employees can be attracted by a firms SSP. Furthermore, SSP positively influences the employee satisfaction which in turn might lead to a competitive advantage by boosting productivity and efficiency. However, this article aims at showing up areas in which more research has to be conducted in order to fully grasp the influence of corporate social responsibility on the human resources of firms. Especially, empirical research is needed to confirm the theories that have been proposed until now. But also in regards to the constantly changing ways of how companies pursue CARS, it is important to investigate which of them have the greatest impact on employees and their morale. Only then will it be possible for firms to capture the largest benefit of their CARS activities: the creation of a sustained competitive advantage.

Fundraising Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fundraising Plan - Assignment Example This year, â€Å"West Liberty website† (2014) emphasizes that the University requires a total of $ 4 million that will benefit the entire student community as well as, the community around the institution. The effect of the fundraising will reflect not only this year, but, also in many years to come. The fundraising will improve the institutions, athletic programs so that the institution can retain its ‘nation’s finest’ athletics title. â€Å"The State Journal† (2014) was keen to note, that during the last summer, the institution started a new master’s degree in Physician Assistant Studies that will require qualified lecturers to be recruited as well as other supporting staff. This fundraising will enable the new degree program become a success and see that the graduates will become productive in their areas of expertise. Garecht (n.d) states that a fundraising plan requires a reliable team and the use various fundraising techniques that will help in making the most from a campaign. The first fundraising tactic that will be used events which will be both major and minor. The minor event will be a â€Å"gala dinner-dance† that will be held on the 20th of October, 2014. The aim of planning this gala event is to raise approximately $1 million dollars out of the $ 4 million target of this year. In kind donations are welcome from our donors and parents through direct mail or online giving through our website page. The fundraising will also target our past and potential donors from banks and other financial institution for a target of $ 1.5 of the total $4 million this year. The institution will also hold a â€Å"walk for Western Liberty University† campaign that will be held on the 30 of November, 2014 with a target of $ 1 million. The annual final event that will close this year’s fu nd raising will be a golf tournament and, thanksgiving at the school’s stadium that will host all NCAA Division-II institutions on the 20th of December, 2014. The target for

Problems with morden life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems with morden life - Essay Example But modern science and technologies have made life the easiest ever. After man learned to travel fast from place to place within hours, during the present age of Information, they invented the Internet to communicate with others within seconds. All of these invented science and technologies have helped human beings to make their lives comfortable a lot. Now, human life has become more modern. Although, modern life may be convenient, it has negative sides too. The more life becomes easier and comfortable, the more man becomes idle. As a result, idle hours in modern life have caused serious damages the health of modern people. In our industrially developed corporate culture, we, the office-goers, can’t get enough exercise in modern life, because of sedentary jobs, cars and too many machines. As we know, sedentary jobs make people sit in the office andwork all day; they can’t do any exercise on their chairs. If people sit on a chair for a long time without any movement, their back may hurt and theirspinemay curve. It is really harmful for their bodies. Again the car is one of the great inventions in human civilization. It has changed humans’ lifestyle a lot. But, not all things that the car brings to us are good. One bad point is that people exercise less. In the past, when only wealthy people could buy a car, the commoners walked or rode bikes to go somewhere. Both of them are good exercise for people. But when cars become easily accessible to common people, they lose the chance to ride bicycles and also to walk. Thus, people became lazy and started to drive cars anytime instead of wa lking and riding bikes. The last thing that causespeople to get less exercise is too many machines of convenience.People need not only big movement but also small movement. Small movement is like using scissors to cut paper. It helps people to exercise their small muscles and sometimes it is important in preventing arthritis. However, when some machines of convenience

The Ethics of Milgram Essay Example for Free

The Ethics of Milgram Essay When this question is posed, immediately we are confronted with a subject of ethics. In three studies by; Milgram, Zimbardo and Hofling, conformity and obedience are tested to extreme levels. Thus bringing ethics to the forefront of the psychological community and the world, concerning the treatment of subjects/participants. Milgrams study addressed obedience to authority. This began three months after the start of the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, his accomplices and his/their part in the genocidal holocaust. Eichmann had said that he was simply following orders. The experiment was set up to see how varying members of society would respond to a figure of authority when asked to deliver electric shocks to another person. Milgrams orthodox view was that few subjects would administer harsh shocks to another human. The test however showed Milgram that though the participants questioned whether they should continue, surprisingly it took little prompts to get them to continue. In this scenario 65% delivered the full, potentially fatal shock to the subject. These findings are of enormous importance both from an ethical and psychological viewpoint. This simple experiment showed and extreme willingness to follow the commands of an authoritys figure, against their own morals, even when confronted with the screams of another person. In Zimbardos experiment obedience and conformity are addressed within a prison environment. This was a mock prison setup at Stanford University, participants were requested in a local newspaper, 24 were chosen. This study showed the knock on effect of demoralisation. The prisoner participants were kept in a constant state of uncertainty from the moment they were arrested, to when the guards took over. In having their individuality removed through complying with the processes applied by the rules of an institutionalised system, the display of obedience grew dramatically. The guards in turn conformed to their perceived position of authority. On the second day the guards put down a rebellion. In response the guards decided to break the prisoners moral by dividing and conquering, developing distrust amongst the inmates and consolidating themselves into a working unit. The effects of this from an ethical point of view is that the inmates were subject to mental and physical mistreatment on a grand scale, meanwhile the guards it seemed had forgotten that the situation was experimental, as they grew more sadistic an abuse of power was displayed. Every prisoner fell under the guards arbitrary control as their living conditions continually fell into the realms of degradation and depravity. When an inmate had been in the prison for approximately thirty six hours he displayed acute emotional disturbance, crying and rage. After interview it was decided that he was trying to con his way to early release. He was given the option of remaining but as an informant in exchange for no further harassment from the guards. This did not seem to work as this lead him to telling the other inmates that they could not leave or quit, this lead to his condition worsening as he screamed cursed and began to act crazy. He was released. This strongly raises the issue of ethical practice, though the experimenter wanted to maintain a real life prison scenario, the protection of the prisoners human rights were not taken into consideration enough, especially in view of the guards sadistic and aggressive methods. Possibly a real prison guard should have lead the other guards for better reality between guard and inmate. The next day the family and friends of the inmates arrived to visit them, the experimenters became concerned that the extreme conditions, if witnessed by the family and friends would possibly effect the continuation of the experiment. So they cleaned and fed the inmates, played music through a speaker system, had a cheerleader greet the awaiting visitors. The visitors mood was good, as they saw the whole thing as a bit of fun, in this way the experimenters systematically brought the visitors behaviour under situational control. Though the parents complained about the arbitrary rules they complied like good middle class citizens trusting implicitly the words of educated men of medicine. When the parents were reunited with their children they were shocked to see how drawn and fatigued they seemed to be, when this was raised, the experimenter simply used reverse psychology on a typical American family, by challenging the strength of their childs resolve and in turn challenging their parenting skills. These methods paid off, and the parents didnt want to waste anymore of the experimenters times and left. Ethically this was a poor decision as the parents werent part of the experiment, but were used without thought to how they may react or feel when they would eventually find out that they had been party to a hoax and that their children were actually being treated badly. It is impossible to tell how much the aftershock would affect a family.

Formal Analysis of Woman and Bicycle by Willem de Kooning Essay

Formal Analysis: Woman and Bicycle by Willem de Kooning Woman and Bicycle is an abstract expressionist painting created by Willem de Kooning in 1952-53 as part of his collection of Women paintings. It roughly measures 6ft. by 4ft. in size and is an oil painting on canvas. The image can be understood to be figurative, however the figure is difficult to decipher on account of the haphazard style in which it was created. It appears that the picture has been altered a great many times, as if it is just one picture deposited upon the remains of or intentions of ones prior. It is easy to decipher a pair of large jaunty eyes with their gaze intently directed back towards the viewer over a pair of particularly large breasts. The insinuation of a body remains just that, wildly gestural brushstrokes that only imply the presence of hips and thighs. De Kooning himself makes note of the illusive nature of his forms saying, â€Å"Content is a glimpse of something, and encounter like a flash. It’s very tiny—very tiny, content,à ¢â‚¬  (Hess p.148). Another more distinguishable element in this painting is the pair of legs centered at the bottom of the canvas. Beyond this, the theory of content in this piece is at the discretion of the viewer’s imagination. The gestural and heavy working of the paint and the contrasting colors make the painting appear active yet are arduous to follow. The defining element of Woman and Bicycle is the presence of the black lines that do most of the work in terms of identifying the figure. Through the wild nature of the brushwork, color, and composition of the painting, it can be implied that the artist is making an implication towards the wild nature of even the most proper of women. The most... ...ess in such a vulgarly constructed work of art. The contrasts between depth and surface, figure and landscape, promiscuity and modesty, beauty and vulgarity all present themselves in de Kooning’s Woman and Bicycle. Although the figure is a seemingly normal woman out for an afternoon with her bike, she becomes so much more through the artist’s use of color, contrast, and composition. The exotic nature of woman presents itself in her direct stare and slick buxom breasts in spite of a nearly indiscernible figure. It is understood that, on the whole, de Kooning did not paint with a purpose in mind, but rather as an opportunity to create an experience, however, that does not go to say that there isn’t some meaning that can come of this work. Even Willem de Kooning once said that art is not everything that is in it, but what you can take out of it (Hess p.144). Formal Analysis of Woman and Bicycle by Willem de Kooning Essay Formal Analysis: Woman and Bicycle by Willem de Kooning Woman and Bicycle is an abstract expressionist painting created by Willem de Kooning in 1952-53 as part of his collection of Women paintings. It roughly measures 6ft. by 4ft. in size and is an oil painting on canvas. The image can be understood to be figurative, however the figure is difficult to decipher on account of the haphazard style in which it was created. It appears that the picture has been altered a great many times, as if it is just one picture deposited upon the remains of or intentions of ones prior. It is easy to decipher a pair of large jaunty eyes with their gaze intently directed back towards the viewer over a pair of particularly large breasts. The insinuation of a body remains just that, wildly gestural brushstrokes that only imply the presence of hips and thighs. De Kooning himself makes note of the illusive nature of his forms saying, â€Å"Content is a glimpse of something, and encounter like a flash. It’s very tiny—very tiny, content,à ¢â‚¬  (Hess p.148). Another more distinguishable element in this painting is the pair of legs centered at the bottom of the canvas. Beyond this, the theory of content in this piece is at the discretion of the viewer’s imagination. The gestural and heavy working of the paint and the contrasting colors make the painting appear active yet are arduous to follow. The defining element of Woman and Bicycle is the presence of the black lines that do most of the work in terms of identifying the figure. Through the wild nature of the brushwork, color, and composition of the painting, it can be implied that the artist is making an implication towards the wild nature of even the most proper of women. The most... ...ess in such a vulgarly constructed work of art. The contrasts between depth and surface, figure and landscape, promiscuity and modesty, beauty and vulgarity all present themselves in de Kooning’s Woman and Bicycle. Although the figure is a seemingly normal woman out for an afternoon with her bike, she becomes so much more through the artist’s use of color, contrast, and composition. The exotic nature of woman presents itself in her direct stare and slick buxom breasts in spite of a nearly indiscernible figure. It is understood that, on the whole, de Kooning did not paint with a purpose in mind, but rather as an opportunity to create an experience, however, that does not go to say that there isn’t some meaning that can come of this work. Even Willem de Kooning once said that art is not everything that is in it, but what you can take out of it (Hess p.144).

Do you find any of the arguments for cognitivism convincing? Essay

Cognitivism, also referred to as moral realism, is a belief held that morality is independent of human existence. Cognitivists will state that there are such things as moral facts which we can discover, rather than morals being subjective and developed individually. To them, each judgment is true or false, and this applies to any moral judgment. I believe that rationalism and naturalism can easily be dismissed as implausible, illogical and inhuman. Kant’s cold, calculated approach to ethics is irony of the highest degree, whilst Hume, Mill and Aristotle’s strict moral principles undermine our human fallacies at the foundation. They make too much of an attempt to define ‘good’ (which surely is indefinable, just as â€Å"red† or â€Å"four† cannot be defined, only represented). For this reason, I prefer G. E. Moore’s theory of Consequentialist Intuitionism. His belief that morals are intuited seems a lot more human to us, but it still has a lot of shortfalls. Overall, cognitivism has many more weaknesses than strengths, as I shall discuss. It is, first of all, important to define cognitivism and moral realism. The beliefs state that morality is not invented, but discovered through various means (depending on the theory). Morals are objective, and part of our world, not part of us as human beings. There are moral facts which we must adhere to, and all moral judgments can be true or false. There is always a ‘right’ or ‘wrong.’ The first of the cognitivist theories is that of rationalism, and is most commonly associated with Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant. He states that â€Å"reason by itself and independently of all appearances commands what ought to happen† (1), i.e. we can perceive what is right or wrong purely through reason. He believes that every moral judgment should be made using our reason, and that it will always provide the ‘right’ course of action. This follows Kant’s idea of a ‘categorical imperative,’ which is what we are required to do in a certain situation. This creates a kind of set Moral Law based on universalised maxims, which basically means that an action can only be right if it can be universalised. This, according to Kant, leads to a perfect moral system. To his favour, the theory is very simple to understand, and in many ways it is logical, but from there on it raises more questions than it answers. First of all, how can morals possible be independent? If we are to know them a priori, then where does this knowledge come from? It is ludicrous to assume that this knowledge of the moral law appears from nowhere. Arthur Schopenhauer raised this point in his critique of Kant’s moral theory: Kant attempted to give a foundation to Ethics independent of this will, and establish it without metaphysical hypotheses, and there was no longer any justification for taking as its basis the words † thou shalt,† and † it is thy duty † (that is, the imperative form), without first deducing the truth thereof from some other source.† (2) This very well asks this question. Another very large issue with Kant’s theory is his intense focus on reason. I disagree strongly with this. How can moral decisions be made in a complete absence of emotion? Surely emotions and feelings form the basis of our judgments? Schopenhauer illustrates the impossibility of a â€Å"loveless doer of good, who is indifferent to the sufferings of other people† (2). This seems like a very obvious fallacy, and I agree with it. It completely undermines the whole point of morality, for surely one can appreciate the absurdity of a â€Å"loveless doer of good.† Where does this categorical duty arise from, if not emotion? Reason does not motivate man, it guides him. Emotions drive man to perform action, but Kant completely overlooks this, even though fellow rationalist David Hume (who Kant once claimed â€Å"awoke him from his dogmatism†) makes this point: â€Å"Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.† (3) Overall, Kant’s rationalism is a very weak theory (not unlike the bulk of his work, I daresay), and I completely disagree with every single part of it. How this theory is even being discussed in today’s society, let alone in the 16th/17th Century leaves me in the dark. It is not even worth considering as a moral theory, and should be dismissed from consideration immediately. The second theory is less specific, referring more to several similarly-aimed theories, rather than just one. These theories are John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism and Aristotle’s Theory of Virtue in particular. Naturalism is a theory that focuses on ‘good’ as natural properties. This can be a multitude of things. John Stuart Mill said that â€Å"the creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† (4) This means, in essence, that happiness is the ultimate good. Obviously, happiness is a natural principle, and therefore it makes Utilitarianism a naturalistic theory. Aristotle’s virtue theory is somewhat different. It refers to set virtues that must be followed in order to reach the Highest Happiness, which is fulfillment of one’s function as a human being. (5) This means that Aristotle’s definition of ‘good’ is to fulfill the function of your soul, which involves living a virtuous life. In general, these theories seem quite sensible, as naturalistic properties are a logical place to start within morality. Unfortunately, there is one very major problem which G.E. Moore pointed out, and it is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This fallacy describes how one cannot possibly define ‘good’, just as you cannot define ‘blue’ or ‘six’. They are purely concepts we assign to certain things, not objective definites. Moore said that â€Å"‘Good’ is one of those innumerable objects of thought which are themselves incapable of definition, because they are the ultimate terms by reference to which whatever is capable of definition must be defined.† (6) Obviously the naturalistic theories attempt to make sense of ‘good’ by definition, and that is the most obvious problem with them. How can one possibly say that one thing in particular means ‘good?’ Surely it’s a matter of opinion, and entirely subjective? And, as with other cognitivist theories, there is the problem of objective morality. Where does this ‘happiness’ and these ‘virtues’ come from? Are they not subjective human inventions, not discoveries? Overall, this is also a very weak theory, although it does have some stronger points than rationalism. However, I disagree with this theory as well; since it offers a strict approach to ethics and makes us define ‘good’, which I think defeats the whole object of morality. The third and final theory is also, in my opinion, the strongest. G.E. Moore devised this theory as retaliation the naturalists. He draws inspiration from their committing of the naturalistic fallacy and proposes a completely different cognitive theory. Moore, in his Principia Ethika (6), states that there is no need to define ‘good’ (see quote above). Our intuition reveals what is right or wrong without the need for a set ‘good.’ As an empiricist and a consequentialist, Moore believed that one could intuit, through experience, what the right decision would be in a moral judgment. Intuition would help us discover the objective morals and use them correctly. The right application was to find â€Å"friendship†, according to Moore. W.D. Ross took an interesting approach and turned this on its head, defining it instead as a deontological theory. In his most famous work, The Right and the Good, he said that â€Å"the moral order†¦is just as much part of the fundamental nature of the universe (and†¦of any possible universe in which there are moral agents at all) as is the spatial or numerical structure expressed in the axioms of geometry or arithmetic.† (7) Basically, he states that the morals are part of the universe itself, and that we don’t need experience to interpret it, we need only our intuition, which will tell us them directly. Although this theory is a lot more human and obvious to us, and is the strongest of the three theories, it stills falls short, and is a fairly weak theory. Isn’t Moore’s suggestion of ‘friendship’ a thinly veiled attempt at definition of ‘good’, or at the very least a specific instruction? Not especially ‘intuiti ve.’ Also, where do we intuit these morals from? Sorely morality in general cannot be objective (which, granted, is a problem with cognitivism, not specifically intuitionism). Again, this is a weak theory, even though it prevails over the other two. In the end, cognitivism as a whole is not especially useful as a guide as to where morals come from. I stated earlier that cognitivism has many more weaknesses than strengths, and I displayed that through my various condemnations of the theories individually, and also of cognitivism as a whole. Surely morality cannot be objective? Isn’t the whole point of morals the fact that they are individual and developed subjectively? Surely there would be no moral disagreement if they in fact were objective, but that is obviously not the case. No, the answer lies in the direct counterpart of cognitivism, non-cognitivism. Morality is for certain subjective, as it is part of our human nature to form opinions based on emotion and preference, not in principles which are apparently entwined in this world we live in. Cognitivism, as a whole, is completely useless in terms of moral analysis and I completely and utterly disagree with all it states. Bibliography 1. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork on the Metaphysics of Morals. 1785. 2. Schopenhauer, Arthur. On the Basis of Morality. 1837. 3. Hume, David. A Treatise of Human Nature. 1739. 4. Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. 1861. 5. Aristotle. Ta Ethika. 6. Moore, G.E. Principia Ethica. 1903. 7. Ross, W. D. The Right and the Good. 1930.

Eating Disorders A Social Problem Essay - 850 Words

Eating disorders have become a social problem. â€Å"Who wants to recover? It took me years to get that tiny. I wasn t sick; I was strong† (Laurie Halse Anderson). Due to the pressure of being beautiful or fulfilling in the stereotypes that media bring us, eating disorders affect individuals and their families around the world both mental and physical. NEDA (National eating disorders association) cares and helps to those people affected by an eating disorder. Therefore, NEDA bring to citizens the cure, access to quality care, and prevention to people who are vulnerable to suffer an eating disorder. Because the negative effects caused by eating disorders could be fatal, a world without eating disorders is the principal goal of NEDA saving thousands of lives. The problems, solutions, and benefits of fighting against an eating disorder will be presented then. Overview of the problem Eating disorders is a problem that affects many individuals not only physical but also mental. Teenagers are the most vulnerable to suffer an eating disorder due pressure of social standards. The consequences of eating disorders could be fatal. The three different types of eating disorders affects negatively to the body. Anorexia Nervosa, which is caused by the lack of necessary nutrients, causes severe dehydration. Due the lack of nutrients, the body take the energy needed from muscles. However, anorexia causes muscle loss and weakness. Bulimia Nervosa inflicted by binge-and-purge, which affectsShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem Of Eating Disorders1042 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorders have become a major social problem in America, especially for woman. Our society pushes a fantasy of the idealized body through advertising, magazines, television, and social networks. It has become the cultural norm for women to be materialized out of the delusional thoug ht process centered on the perfect body. 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